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Prithviraj Raso
by Chand Bardai
The cover of a Prithviraj Raso version published by the Nagari Pracharini Sabha
Language	Brajbhasha
Genre(s)	Epic poem

The Prithviraj Raso (IAST: Pṛthvīrāj Rāso) is a Brajbhasha epic poem about the life of the 12th century Indian king Prithviraj Chauhan (c. 1166-1192 CE). It is attributed to Chand Bardai, who according to the text, was a court poet of the king.

The earliest extant copy of the text dates back to the 16th century, although some scholars date its oldest version to the 13th century. By the 19th century, several interpolations and additions had been made to the original text under the patronage from Rajput rulers. The text now exists in four recensions. It contains a mixture of historical facts and imaginary legends, and is not considered historically reliable.

1Authorship and versions
3Historical development
4Historical reliability
5References

Authorship and versions[edit]

Authorship[edit]

According to tradition, the Prithviraj Raso was composed by Chand Bardai, Prithviraj's court poet (raj kavi^[1]), who accompanied the king in all his battles.^[2]

The last canto, which narrates the death of Chand Bardai and Prithviraj, is said to have been composed by Chand Bardai's son Jalhan.^[3]

Recensions[edit]

The oldest extant recension of Prithviraj Raso is from 16th century.^[4] It exists in form a manuscript copied in 1610, for a grandson of Kalyanmal, the Rathore ruler of Bikaner.^[5] Its oldest portions are written in LataApabhramsha (also called Latiya Apabhramsha) language and style typical of 12th and 13th centuries.^[6] According to R. V. Somani, the original Prithviraj Raso was composed around 1235 CE, within 3-4 decades after Prithviraj's death.^[7] Other scholars, such as Cynthia Talbot, Narottamdas Swami and Namwar Singh date the text to the 16th century, during the reign of Akbar.^[8]

Since 16th century, the size of the text has expanded greatly because of several interpolations and additions, resulting in multiple recensions.^[9] Only a small portion of the existing recensions is likely to have been part of the original version. A small 1300-stanza manuscript in Bikaner is closest to the original text. The longest available version is the Udaipur (Mewar) manuscript, which is an epic with 16,306 stanzas.^[2]

Today, four different recensions of the text are known:^[2]^[10]

Edited by Rajmal Bora: the shortest recension, titled Candvardāīkṛt Prithīrājrāsau
Edited by Mataprasad Gupta, titled Pṛthvīrāj Rāsau
Edited by Kavirav Mohansimha, titled Pṛthvīrāj Rāso
Edited by Mohanlal Vishnu Pandya and Shyamsundar Das, titled Pṛthvīrāj Rāso: the longest recesion, developed in late 17th century under the patronage of the Mewar court^[11]

American academic Cynthia Talbot compiled a list of nearly 170 manuscripts of the text. The patrons of only 17 of these can be identified: they include kings and princes from the royal families of Bikaner, Amber (Jaipur), Kota, Jodhpur, and Udaipur; and a chief of Mewar.^[12] Few manuscripts provide information about their production; those that do indicate that such manuscripts were usually written by Bhat bards, Brahmins or Jains for Rajput patrons.^[13]

Language[edit]

The classification of the text's language has been debated by scholars, as its language varies noticeably between the various recensions, and sometimes, even between the different portions of the same manuscript.^[14] The present version of Prithviraj Raso is composed primarily in Brajbhasha dialect, with some regional Rajasthani peculiarities.^[4] This language is sometimes called 'Pingal' to distinguish it from Dingal, the language of Rajasthani poems.^[14]

Prithviraj Raso frequently uses the six-line 'chappay' metre, which has 'harsh, warlike connotations', and is more prevalent in Dingal than in Brajbhasha. The text features archaic vocabulary: this is especially true of hte longest recension.^[14]

Plot summary[edit]

This is a summary of the shortest (Rajmal Bora) recension of Prithviraj Raso:^[15]

Prithviraj was born to the Chauhan ruler of Ajmer; his mother was the daughter of the Delhi ruler Anangpal Tomar.^[4] Anangpal was cursed with not having any male heir, because he had meddled with the iron pillar of Delhi. So, he appointed Prithviraj as the king of Delhi. Some time later, king Jaichand of Kannauj decided to conduct a Rajasuya ceremony to proclaim his supremacy. Prithviraj refused to participate in this ceremony, and thus, refused to acknowledge Jaichand as the supreme king.^[16]

Meanwhile, Jaichand's daughter Sanyogita fell in love with Prithviraj after hearing about his heroic exploits, and declared that she would only marry him. Jaichand arranged a swayamvara (husband-selection) ceremony for his daughter, but did not invite Prithviraj. Nevertheless, Prithviraj marched to Kannauj with a hundred warriors and eloped with Samyogita. Two-third of his warriors sacrificed their life in fight against the Kannauj army, allowing him to escape to Delhi with Sanyogita. In Delhi, Prithviraj became infatuated with his new wife, and started spending most of his time with her. He started ignoring the state affairs, particularly the threat from the Muslim invader Shihab al-Din Muhammad Ghuri.^[16]

Prithviraj's priest and the poet Chand Bardai brought the king to his senses. Although Prithviraj prepared for the battle against Muhammad Ghuri in a short time, he was ultimately defeated. Shihab al-Din imprisoned Prithviraj, and took him to the invader's capital Ghazni. There, Shihab al-Din had Prithviraj blinded. On hearing this, Chand Bardai traveled to Ghazni and tricked Shihab al-Din into watching an archery performance by the blind Prithviraj. During this performance, Prithviraj shot the arrow in the direction of Shihab al-Din's voice and killed him. Both Prithviraj and Chand Bardai died shortly after.^[16]

The long recension contains several additions. For example, it mentions that Anangpal demanded his kingdom back a few years later. After fail